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Anne Frank (Author of The Diary of a Young Girl Book …

Posted By on September 7, 2015

On this page you can find Anne Frank book collection. Anne Frank is author of The Diary of a Young Girl book and 59 more book like The Diary of a Young Girl: Definitive Edition, The Diary of Anne Frank and A Family Secret

By: Anne Frank Published: 04 Feb 2002

By: Anne Frank Published: 28 Feb 2003

By: Anne Frank Published: 10 Aug 2015

By: Anne Frank Published: 30 Mar 2000

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Mar 1997

By: Anne Frank Published: 07 Jun 2012

By: Anne Frank Published: 20 Mar 1989

By: Anne Frank Published: 31 Jan 2003

Published: 01 Dec 2009

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Jun 1993

By: Eric Heuvel Published: 01 Dec 2009

By: Anne Frank Published: 15 Apr 2008

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Dec 2007

By: Anne Frank Published: 19 Oct 2010

By: Anne Frank Published: 04 Mar 2003

By: Anne Frank Published: 02 Jun 2011

By: Anne Frank Published: 07 Jun 2012

By: Anne Cranny-Francis Published: 22 Feb 2003

By: Anne Frank Published: 02 Apr 2015

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Oct 1999

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Jul 1996

By: Anne Frank Published: 18 Sep 2013

By: Anne Frank Published: 24 Nov 2015

By: Anne Frank Published: 04 Jun 2010

By: Anne Frank Published: 26 Apr 2003

By: Anne Frank Published: 06 Oct 2011

By: Frances Goodrich Published: 31 Jan 1998

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Mar 1995

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Dec 2008

By: Anne Frank Published: 11 May 2015

By: Anne Frank Published: 04 Nov 2011

By: Anne Frank House Published: 01 Jan 2015

By: Anne Frank Published: 09 Jun 2012

By: Anne Frank Published: 08 Nov 2010

By: Anne Frank Published: 04 Jul 2013

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Jun 2000

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Jan 2009

By: Anne Frank House Published: 21 Nov 2008

By: Anne Frank Published: 23 Oct 2013

By: Anne Frank Published: 06 Feb 1997

By: Anne Cranny-Francis Published: 03 Oct 2005

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Feb 2002

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Sep 2012

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Feb 1997

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Feb 1996

By: Anne Frank Published: 08 May 2014

By: Sally-anne Francis Published: 30 Jun 2015

Published: 03 May 2006

By: Barbara Kingsolver Published: 01 Mar 2012

By: Sibylle Picot Published: 19 Jul 2014

By: Anne Frank Published: 14 May 2008

By: Frank, Anne, 1929-1945

Published: 22 Sep 2014

By: And Fran Anne and Fran Published: 01 Dec 2008

By: Anne Frank Published: 31 Dec 1998

By: Anne Frank Published: 15 Jun 2010

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Jul 2004

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Feb 1999

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Mar 1999

By: Anne Frank Published: 01 Dec 1996

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Anne Frank (Author of The Diary of a Young Girl Book ...

Anne Frank – Google Cultural Institute

Posted By on September 7, 2015

Her life, her diary, her legacy

Anne Frank is one of the millions of victims of the persecution of the Jews during World War II. For two years, Anne and her family were in hiding in the annex of her fathers business. There, she wrote her diary. Anne Frank died in a concentration camp when she was fifteen. Her diary survived the war. It has been translated into more than seventy languages, and it has made Anne famous all over the world. The original diary is on display in the Anne Frank House.

Childhood in Germany Anne Frank is born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. She is the second and youngest daughter of Otto Frank and Edith Frank-Hollnder. Margot, Annes sister, is three years older. The Frank family is Jewish.

Otto Frank works for the family bank. Because of the severe economic crisis in Germany, business is not going well. Otto and Edith Frank are very worried about their future. Antisemitism is increasing. More and more people support Adolf Hitlers antisemitic NSDAP party and in 1933, Hitler takes over as leader of the German government.

Otto has the chance to set up a local branch of Opekta in Amsterdam.Opekta is a business that sells pectin, a gelling agent for making jam. Otto and his wife decide to move to The Netherlands.

Safein Amsterdam In 1933, Anne Frank and her family move to an apartment on the Merwedeplein in Amsterdam-Zuid, a neighborhood where many Jewish refugees find a home.

Anne and Margot learn Dutch quickly and soon feel at home in Holland. Anne is a bubbly, curious girl who likes to be the center of attention. Margot is more quiet and serious. She always gets good grades in school.

Otto Frank sets up his business in the center of Amsterdam. Because he works hard, he is often away from home. Edith Frank has a hard time getting used to her new life in The Netherlands. She is homesick and very worried about her family in Germany.

The situation in Germany is becoming increasingly threatening for Jews. In November 1938, a large pogrom, Kristallnacht, takes place. In March of 1939, Ediths mother leaves Germany and moves in with the Frank family.

In 1939 Germany invades Poland, causing England and France to declare war on Germany. Warsaw is bombed. The persecution of Jews starts almost immediately.

The German invasion of Holland In May 1940 Germany invades Holland, and after the bombing of Rotterdam the Dutch government capitulates. The German occupation has begun.

General Winkelman arriving at German Army headquarters to sign the Dutch surrender, May 15, 1940.

Anti-Jewish regulations Soon after the invasion in 1940, the Nazis start introducing anti-Jewish regulations. They make life increasingly difficult for Jews. Jewish civil servants are fired. Jews are no longer allowed to visit parks, cinemas and swimming pools and Jewish children are forced to go to separate Jewish schools.

Annes diary On 12 June 1942 Anne Frank turns thirteen. One of her birthday gifts is a red and white checkered diary. She immediately starts to write in it. The diary is her most cherished possession, and Anne takes it with her when the Frank family goes into hiding three weeks later.

Persecution of the Jews As the German occupation continues, the situation becomes more and more dangerous for Jews in Holland. From May 1942, all Jews have to wear a yellow star on their clothing. Starting in July of that year, Jews are called up to report for work duty. Allegedly they are sent to labor camps in Germany. In reality they are transported to concentration camps to be killed.

To avoid deportation, Otto and Edith Frank have been preparing a secret hiding place in the back of the annex to Ottos business.Margot Frank is one of the first to receive a summons to report for a labor camp on 5 July 1942. The next day, the Frank family leaves for the hiding place on the Prinsengracht.

The Franks share their hiding place with Ottos business partner Hermann van Pels, his wife Auguste and their son Peter. Ottos employees Bep Voskuijl, Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman and Miep Gies and her husband Jan supply them with food.

During the day, the people in hiding have to keep very quiet. The people working in the warehouse below must not find out that there are Jews hiding in the secret annex. Only at night and during the weekends can they speak without whispering and flush the toilet.

After a few months, on 16 November 1942, an eighth person comes to live in the secret annex: Fritz Pfeffer. He is Miep Gies dentist. To make room for him, Margot moves to her parents room, and Anne shares her room with Fritz Pfeffer.

Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treating them very roughly () If it's that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they're being gassed. Perhaps that's the quickest way to die. Anne Frank, 9 October 1942

You've known for a long time that my greatest wish is to be a journalist, and later on, a famous writer. Anne Frank, 11 May 1944

Is this really the beginning of the long-awaited liberation? (...) Oh Kitty, the best part about the invasion is that I have the feeling that friends are on the way. Anne Frank, 6 June 1944

The people in hiding follow the news about the Normandy invasion with enthusiasm and hope. Otto Frank marks the allied army advances with pins on the map on the wall of the Frank family room in the secret annex.

Annes death On 4 August 1944 the people in hiding are arrested: they have been betrayed. They are sent to the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands. On 3 September they are deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. There, the men and women are separated. Anne sees her father for the last time. She is assigned to a womens barracks withMargot and Edith.

At the end of October Anne and Margot are transported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Their mother Edith remains in Auschwitz-Birkenau and dies there on 6 January 1945.

After an awful train journey lasting three days, Anne and Margot arrive at Bergen-Belsen in Germany. The camp is overpopulated and they have to live in tents. When the tents are destroyed during a heavy storm, the prisoners are moved to already overcrowded barracks.

Bergen-Belsen is terrible. There is little or no food and the sanitary conditions are dreadful. Many prisoners become ill and die. Margot and Anne Frank contract typhus. They die in March 1945, just a few weeks before the camp is liberated.

Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank have known each other since kindergarten. They haven't met since 1942, when Anne went into hiding. In Bergen-Belsen Hanneli looks back to the last time she talked to Anne.

After the Russians liberate Auschwitz on 27 January 1945, Otto Frank is free. He is the only one of the eight people in hiding who survives the war.

7 May 1945, surrender of the German army in Western Europe in Reims, France.

Otto returns After a long and chaotic journey, Otto returns to Amsterdam in June 1945. He moves in with Miep and Jan Gies. He already knows that his wife Edith is dead, but he knows nothing of the fate of his daughters. A few weeks later he hears that Anne and Margot are both dead. Only then does Miep give him Annes diary. She has kept it safe since the familys arrest.

The diary is published After much deliberation, Otto Frank decides to have Annes diary published. At first, it is difficult to find a publisher. Otto shows the diary to several people. One of them is historian Jan Romein. He writes an article about it for the national newspaper 'Het Parool' of 3 April 1946. The article attracts the attention of the publishing company Contact. It decides to publish the diary. 'Het Achterhuis' is published on 25 June 1947. Annes dream of becoming a writer comes true after her death.

The publication of the English edition 'Anne Frank: The diary of a young girl' in 1952 makes Annes diary famous.It is adapted for the theater by two American dramatists in 1955. The play becomes a huge success on Broadway. In 1959 the play is made into a film with Milly Perkins playing Anne Frank.

From hiding place to museum The success of the diary creates an interest in Anne Franks hiding place. Soon, people come by wanting to see the secret annex and they are shown around by the Opekta employees. In 1955 the company moves. Because the building is in a dilapidated state, there are plans for demolition but thanks to the efforts of prominent Amsterdam citizens, it is saved. Together with Otto Frank they establish the Anne Frank House and the museum is opened to the public on 3 May 1960.

In 1953 Otto Frank marries Fritzi Markovits and they move to Switzerland. His daughters diary continues to play an important role in his life. He receives thousands of letters from readers from all over the world. Fritzi and Otto reply to them. Otto dies in 1980.

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Anne Frank - Google Cultural Institute

Israel, The West Bank and Gaza Travel Warning

Posted By on September 6, 2015

The Department of State strongly warns U.S. citizens against travel to the Gaza Strip; U.S. government employees are not allowed to conduct official or personal travel there. U.S. government personnel require special security arrangements if traveling inside Israel within seven kilometers of the Gaza demarcation line. With the exception of Jericho and Bethlehem, U.S. government employees are prohibited from personal travel to the West Bank. Due to security concerns, U.S. government employees are prohibited from using public buses throughout Israel and the West Bank, and must obtain advance approval if they wish to travel within 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) of the Lebanon border, or travel on or east of Route 98 in the Golan Heights. U.S. citizens should take into consideration the following information, including the rules governing travel in this region by U.S. government employees. This replaces the Travel Warning issued September 10, 2014.

Major Metropolitan Areas

Personal safety conditions in major metropolitan areas, including Tel Aviv and Haifa and surrounding regions, are comparable to other major global cities. Nonetheless, the July-August 2014 Gaza conflict (see below) and subsequent political and religious tension associated with access to the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem led to increased levels of violence, particularly in Jerusalem and West Bank environs, not seen in those areas in a decade. Attacks on individuals and groups have occurred in East and West Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Bethlehem, as well as various places in the West Bank. We have no indication that U.S. citizens have been specifically targeted based on their nationality, however U.S. citizens have been directly affected. Six U.S. citizen residents of Israel and the West Bank were killed and others injured in multiple attacks in 2014. U.S. citizens involved in or observing political demonstrations have sustained serious injuries and the Department of State recommends that U.S. citizens avoid all demonstrations for their ownsafety. Due to security concerns, U.S. government employees are prohibited from using public buses in Israel and the West Bank. See below for specific safety and security information regarding Gaza, the West Bank, Jerusalem, and near Israels northern borders.

Travelers should be aware of the risks presented by the potential for military conflict between Hamas and Israel. During the conflict in Gaza in July and August 2014, long-range rockets launched from Gaza reached many locations in Israel and the West Bank including Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, and other cities in the north and south. The Government of Israels Iron Dome missile defense system successfully intercepted many rockets. However, missile impacts also caused deaths, injuries, and property damage. There have been additional small arms fire and mortar and rocket launches from Gaza into southern Israel on several occasions between September and December 2014 that resulted in limited property damage.

Visitors to and residents of Israel and the West Bank should familiarize themselves with the location of the nearest bomb shelter or other hardened site.Consult municipality websites, such as those forJerusalemandTel Aviv, for locations of public bomb shelters and other emergency preparedness information. Visitors should seek information on shelters from hotel staff or building managers. We advise all U.S. citizens to take note of guidance on proper procedures in the event of rocket attacks or other crisis events by visiting the website of the government of Israel'sHome Front Command.

Travelers should also be aware of the heightened state of alert maintained by Israeli authorities along Israel's border with Egypt. There have been cross-border incidents from Egypt, including rocket attacks and ground incursions, such as attacks that took place in August 2013, January 20 and October 22, 2014. Rockets and mortars were launched from Sinai in the direction of Eilat and Israels Negev region in January, July, and August 2014.

Visitors should observe appropriate personal security practices to reduce their vulnerability to crime, particularly late at night or in isolated areas, including in the countryside. Visitors are advised to avoid large gatherings or demonstrations and keep current with local news, which is available through numerous English language sources.

Jerusalem

U.S. citizens visiting and living in Jerusalem should be aware of the numerous political, cultural, and religious tensions that permeate the city. These sensitivities have the potential to fuel protests, civil unrest, acts of terrorism, and retaliatory attacks against groups and individuals. There have been frequent clashes between protesters and Israeli authorities, particularly in East Jerusalem neighborhoods. Travelers should be aware that protest activities and violence have occurred across Jerusalem, including in West Jerusalem, within the Old City, and in East Jerusalem neighborhoods such as Sheikh Jarrah, Shufat, Beit Hanina, Mt. of Olives, As Suwaneh, Abu Deis, Silwan, Shuafat Refugee Camp, Issawiyeh, and Tsur Baher. The intensity and number of these violent events, which have caused the deaths of bystanders, remained at high levels during October and November. Such events often increase following Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif access restrictions, in retaliation for random attacks, or during Israel National Police (INP) operations in predominantly Palestinian neighborhoods. The INP often deploys a heavy presence in many of the neighborhoods that have seen clashes and may restrict vehicular traffic to some of these neighborhoods without notice. U.S. citizens are advised not to enter any neighborhoods while restricted by the INP and to avoid any locations with active clashes.

To date, the clashes and violence have not been anti-American in nature. However, politically motivated violence in Jerusalem claimed the lives of U.S. citizens in October and November 2014, including a terror attack inside a synagogue. Other U.S. citizens have also been injured in such attacks. Travelers are reminded to exercise caution at Muslim religious sites on Fridays and on holy days, particularly during the holy month of Ramadan. The INP often imposes restrictions on visitors to the Old Citys Temple Mount/ Haram al-Sharif. Travelers should be aware that the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif is often closed without warning by the INP. U.S. government employees are prohibited from entering the Old City on Fridays during Ramadan due to congestion and security-related access restrictions.

U.S. citizens are advised to avoid public parks in Jerusalem after dark, due to numerous reports of criminal activity associated with these parks.

Northern Israeland Golan Heights

Rocket attacks into Israel from Lebanon have occurred without warning along the Israeli-Lebanese border. Tensions have increased along portions of the Disengagement Zone with Syria in the Golan Heights as a result of the internal conflict occurring in Syria. Sporadic gunfire has occurred along the border region. There have been several incidents of mortar shells and light arms fire impacting on the Israeli-controlled side of the zone as a result of spillover from the fighting in Syria. Travelers should be aware that cross-border gunfire can occur without warning. Furthermore, there are active land mines in areas of the Golan Heights, so visitors should walk only on established roads or trails. The Syrian conflict is sporadic and unpredictable. Because of concerns about security on Israels northern borders, U.S. government personnel must obtain advance approval if they wish to travel within 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) of the Lebanon border, or travel on or east of Route 98 in the Golan Heights.

The West Bank

The Department of State urges U.S. citizens to exercise caution when traveling to the West Bank. In October 2014, a U.S. citizen teenager was killed in an encounter with Israeli security forces in Silwad, and in June 2014, three Israeli teenagers, including a dual U.S. citizen, were kidnapped and murdered by Hamas-affiliated individuals while hitchhiking near Hebron. Demonstrations and violent incidents can occur without warning, and vehicles are sometimes damaged by rocks, Molotov cocktails, and gunfire on West Bank roads. U.S citizens have been killed in such attacks in the past. There have also been an increasing number of violent incidents involving Israeli settlers and Palestinian villagers in the corridor stretching from Ramallah to Nablus, including attacks by Israeli settlers on Palestinian villages in which U.S. citizens have suffered injury or property damage, as well as attacks by Palestinians on settlements. U.S. citizens can be caught in the middle of potentially dangerous situations, and some U.S. citizens involved in political demonstrations in the West Bank have sustained serious injuries. The Department of State recommends that U.S. citizens avoid all demonstrations for their own safety. During periods of unrest, the Israeli government may restrict access to the West Bank, and some areas may be placed under curfew. All persons in areas under curfew should remain indoors to avoid arrest or injury. Security conditions in the West Bank may hinder the ability of U.S. government officials to offer timely assistance to U.S. citizens.

Personal travel in the West Bank by U.S. government personnel and their families is permitted to the towns of Bethlehem and Jericho and on Routes 1, 443, and 90 after completing certain security procedures. The Rachels Tomb checkpoint between Jerusalem and Bethlehem has seen an increase in public demonstrations, which have the potential to become violent. U.S. government officials may also engage in personal travel to Qumran off Route 90 by the Dead Sea and to the Allenby Bridge crossing to Jordan, as well as stops at roadside facilities along Routes 1 and 90. All other personal travel by U.S. government personnel in the West Bank is prohibited. U.S. government personnel routinely travel to the West Bank for official business, but do so with special security arrangements.

The Gaza Strip

The Department of State strongly urges U.S. citizens to avoid all travel to the Gaza Strip, which is under the control of Hamas, a foreign terrorist organization. U.S. citizens in Gaza are advised to depart immediately. U.S. government U.S. citizen employees are not allowed to travel to Gaza, in either personal or professional capacities. U.S. government travel within seven kilometers of the Gaza demarcation requires special security arrangements. The security environment within Gaza, including its border with Egypt and its seacoast, is dangerous and volatile. Exchanges of fire between the Israel Defense Forces and militant groups in Gaza take place regularly, and civilians have been caught in the crossfire in the past. Since late October 2014, Egyptian authorities have closed the Rafah crossing between Gaza and Egypt for extended periods with no indication regarding when it will reopen for normal traffic. When operating, the Rafah crossing normally allows for some passenger travel, however, prior coordination with local authorities - which could take days or weeks to process - may be required and crossing points may be closed for days or weeks. Travelers who enter the Gaza Strip through the Rafah crossing must also exit through the Rafah crossing, and those entering the Gaza Strip may not be able to depart at a time of their choosing. Many U.S. citizens have been unable to exit Gaza or faced lengthy delays while attempting to exit Gaza. Furthermore, the schedule and requirements for exiting through the Rafah crossing are unpredictable and can involve significant expense. The ability of U.S. government personnel to offer timely assistance to U.S. citizens, including assistance departing Gaza, is extremely limited. The Consulate General and Embassy are often unable to assist U.S. citizens to exit Gaza via the Erez crossing to Israel. U.S. citizens who choose to travel to Gaza cannot normally rely on the U.S. government to assist them in departing Gaza.

Entry/Exit Difficulties

Some U.S. citizens holding Israeli nationality, possessing a Palestinian identity card, or who are of Arab or Muslim origin have experienced significant difficulties in entering or exiting Israel or the West Bank. U.S. citizens planning to travel to Israel, the West Bank, or Gaza should consult the detailed information concerning entry and exit difficulties in theCountry Specific Information.

U.S. citizens seeking to depart Israel, the West Bank, or Gaza are responsible for making their own travel arrangements. The lack of a valid U.S. passport may hinder U.S. citizens' ability to depart the country and may slow the U.S. Embassy or Consulate General's ability to provide assistance.

Travelers should check the status of border crossings before embarking on trips.

Contact theConsular Section of the U.S. Embassyfor information and assistance in Israel, the Golan Heights, and ports of entry at Ben Gurion Airport, Haifa Port, the northern (Jordan River/Sheikh Hussein) and southern (Arava) border crossings connecting Israel and Jordan, and the border crossings between Israel and Egypt. An embassy officer can be contacted at (972) (3) 519-7575 from Monday through Friday during working hours. The after-hours emergency number is (972) (3) 519-7551.

Contact theConsular Section of the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalemfor information and assistance in Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Allenby/King Hussein Bridge crossing between the West Bank and Jordan, at (972) (2) 630-4000 from Monday through Friday during working hours. The after-hours emergency number is (972) (2) 622-7250.

For More Information

The Department of State urges those U.S. citizens who live in or travel to Israel, the West Bank or Gaza to enroll in the Department of StatesSmart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)in order to obtain the most current information on travel and security within Israel, the West Bank and Gaza. Enrollment in STEP makes it easier for the Embassy or Consulate General to contact U.S. citizens in case of emergency. For information on "What the Department of State Can and Can't Do in a Crisis," please visit the Bureau of Consular Affairs'Emergencies and Crisis linkatwww.travel.state.gov.

For the latest security information, U.S. citizens traveling abroad should regularly monitor theDepartment of States Internet websitewhere the Worldwide Caution,Country Specific Information for Israel, the West Bank and Gaza,Travel Warnings, andTravel Alertscan be found, including the currentTravel Warning for Israel, the West Bank and Gaza. You can also follow the Bureau of Consular Affairs onTwitterand onFacebook. Up-to-date information on security conditions can also be accessed athttp://israel.usembassy.gov,http://jerusalem.usconsulate.govor onthe EmbassyandConsulate GeneralFacebook pages.

Up-to-date information on travel and security in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada, or, for callers outside of the United States and Canada, on a regular toll-line at 1-202-501-4444. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).

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Israel, The West Bank and Gaza Travel Warning

Reform Judaism – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Posted By on September 6, 2015

The term Reform Judaism is today used for a confessional division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom.[1] The reform movement in Judaism has historically started in the 19th century in Germany by Abraham Geiger.

"Reform Judaism" used as a proper name specifically refers to two denominations, American Reform Judaism and British Reform Judaism. For historical reasons, there is a disparity between British and American terminology. British Reform Judaism is more conservative than American Reform Judaism; American Reform Judaism approximately corresponds to what in Britain is known as Liberal Judaism, and British Reform Judaism approximately corresponds to what in America is known as Conservative Judaism ("conservative" is here used relative to positions within the reform movement, and still less conservative than Orthodox Judaism). Reconstructionist Judaism is an offshoot of Conservative Judaism. A World Union for Progressive Judaism was formed in 1926 with the aim of providing an umbrella organization for the Reform, Liberal, Progressive, and Reconstructionist movements, now summarized under the term Progressive Judaism.

In general, the Reform movement in Judaism maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. This means many branches of Reform Judaism hold that Jewish law should undergo a process of critical evaluation and renewal. Traditional Jewish law is therefore often interpreted as a set of general guidelines rather than as a list of restrictions whose literal observance is required of all Jews.[2][3] Along with other forms of non-orthodox Judaism, the North American Reform, UK Reform, UK Liberal Judaism and Israeli Progressive Movement can all trace their intellectual roots to the Reform movement in Judaism which emerged in nineteenth-century Germany.[4][5][6] Elements of Orthodoxy developed their cohesive identity in reaction to the Reform movement in Judaism.[5]

Although North American Reform, UK Reform, UK Liberal Judaism and Israeli Progressive Judaism all share an intellectual heritage, they occupy different positions on the non-orthodox spectrum. The North American Reform movement and UK Liberal Judaism are situated at the more radical end. The North American Conservative movement and Masorti Judaism occupy the more conservative end of the non-orthodox Judaisms, and are not regarded as forms of Reform Judaism at all. The UK Reform[7][8][9] and Israeli Progressive movements[10] come somewhere in between.

Reform Judaism and Orthodox Judaism are the two largest denominations of American Jews today.[11] In a 2013 opinion poll, 35% of American Jews described themselves as Reform Jews (compared with 18% Conservative Judaism and 10% who identify themselves as Orthodox),[11] but in terms of actual membership Reform Judaism with an estimated 670,000 members was roughly the same size as Orthodox Judaism in 2013.[11][clarification needed] However, Reform Judaism accounts for the largest number of Jews affiliated with Progressive Judaism worldwide. It was founded by Rabbi Isaac M. Wise in Cincinnati, Ohio in the mid-1800s.

Official bodies of the Reform Movement in North America include the Union for Reform Judaism, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, and Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.

UK Reform and Liberal Judaism are the two Progressive movements in the UK. For details on the relationship between the two progressive movements, see Progressive Judaism (United Kingdom).

After a failed attempt in the 1930s to start an Israeli movement, the World Union for Progressive Judaism tried again in the 1970s and created the movement. While calling itself "Israeli Progressive Movement" at first to stress its independence from the American counterpart, it officially changed its name to "The Reform Movement - Progressive Judaism in Israel" in 2009.

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Reform Judaism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ashkenazi Jews and Cancer – Fred Hutch

Posted By on September 5, 2015

Members of the Jewish community who trace their roots to Central or Eastern Europe are known as Ashkenazi Jews. Although today members of this community are found around the world, Ashkenazi Jews for centuries were a geographically isolated population. The isolation experienced by this population means its members can trace their ancestry back to a small number of members known as founders.

Over time, the genetic traits of these early Ashkenazi founders have been passed down through generations, including a greater frequency of carrying certain changes in genes known as BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Everyone has two copies of each of these genes, one that is inherited from their mother, and one from their father.

Some specific changes, or mutations, in BRCA1 and BRCA2 occur more frequently in Ashkenazi Jews than in the general population. These mutations increase the risk of certain types of cancer, including breast and ovarian in women and breast and prostate in men. About one out of every 40 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry have a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, as compared to one out of every 800 members of the general population, according to the Centers for Disease Control.

Although these genetic mutations increase the risk of developing some cancers, not everyone who carries a gene mutation will develop cancer. And, despite these genetic abnormalities, prevention and lifestyle strategies can still be helpful in preventing cancer.

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Ashkenazi Jews and Cancer - Fred Hutch

Jewish Genetic Diseases – Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium

Posted By on September 5, 2015

Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases: 19 Disease Panel

Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases: 38 Disease Panel

Sephardic/Mizrahi Jewish Genetic Diseases

There are a numberof genetic disease for which persons of Jewish heritage (at least one grandparent) are more likely to be carriers of than the general population. Carriers are healthy individuals, unaffected by the disease for which they carry. If both parents are carriers of a gene mutation for the same condition, there is a 25% chance, with each pregnancy, of having an affected child. These diseases are all serious and can be fatal and or life altering to children born with them.

There are different genetic concerns for people of Ashkenazi Jewish background (German, French or Eastern European), and people of Sephardic (Mediterranean) or Mizrahi (Persian/Iranian or Middle Eastern) background. Regardless of specific Jewish background, all Jewish and interfaith couples should have preconception carrier screening for the Jewish genetic diseases

It is estimated that nearly 1 in 2Ashkenazi Jews in the United States is a carrier of at least one of 38Jewish genetic diseases. Please be aware that there are many laboratories offering Ashkenazi Jewish genetic disease screening with varying panels. Individuals may also opt to do expanded carrier screening to include disorders not necessarily more common in the Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (Pan Ethnic Panels). You should discuss these options with your physician or genetic counselor.

There is no single preconception carrier-screening panel for people of Sephardic or Mizrahi background. Carrier screening is dependent upon country of origin. People of Sephardic or Mizrahi background should seek genetic counseling.

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Jewish Genetic Diseases - Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium

The Origins of Sephardim and Ashkenazim – Jewish History

Posted By on September 5, 2015

The Origins of Sephardim and Ashkenazim

Two Sephardic Jews with an Ashkenazi in Jerusalem, 1895

The two main pillars on which all of Jewish scholarship rests are Rashi and the Rambam (a/k/a Maimonides). They differed not only on issues of philosophy but in overall style and approach. Part of the reason for this is that Rashi was Ashkenazi and the Rambam was Sephardi. Each was a product of a distinct tradition.

Generally speaking, the Sephardic commentators looked at the broad picture of Judaism, the forest and not the trees. The Ashkenazim, on the other hand, focused more on the trees than the forest. They concentrated on words, nuances, and the nitty-gritty of the Talmudic give-and-take. Therefore, the Rambams writings are quintessentially intellectual and philosophical, whereas Rashis greatness is his ability to take you through the Torah and Talmud detail by detail, word by word.

These differences did not grow in a vacuum. They developed from specific historical forces. In terms of time, the Sephardic and Ashkenazic communities developed simultaneously, but in terms of experience, they lived in two completely different worlds. In order for us to really get a handle on them, we have to look at each one separately.

After the Jews were sent into exile in 70 CE, the main Jewish community in the Diaspora was Babylonia. It was the only place in the world where Christianity did not take over, and therefore, the Jews thrived there. They built their own yeshivas and lived autonomously. Thus, they were free to engage in the centuries of scholarship that produced the Talmud.

In the 9th century, the Jewish community in Babylonia began to decline, so many Jews went to North Africa, which was populated by two Moslem tribes: the Berbers and the Moors. The Berbers were fierce warriors, while the Moors were artisans, mathematicians, and merchants the cutting edge of civilization. Together, they became a tremendous force in the world.

The Jews saw they had opportunity with them, particularly with the Moors, who were less religious and therefore, more tolerant. In other Moslem countries where the Jews lived, they had to accept the status of dhimmi, second-rate citizen. Their synagogues had to be unobtrusive, and they had to keep a low profile. All that changed with the Moors. Their alliance with the Jews lasted almost 400 years, and by the time the Moors were emigrating from North Africa into Spain, they brought along the Jews not as dhimmis, but as equals.

Thus, the Sephardic Jews lived in an open and intellectually advanced society. The study of philosophy abounded, so Sephardic Jewish scholarship became philosophical. The Jews also rose in public life, becoming government ministers. Maimonides was court physician to the Sultan of Egypt. Individual Jews sometimes suffered assaults from their Moslem neighbors, but there were no Crusades, no pogroms per se, no Holocaust.

Ashkenazi communities in Rashi's times

The Ashkenazic Jew, on the other hand, never had a good day. He lived in a primitive world full of constant danger. Western Europe had sunk into the Dark Ages; less than 1% of the population was literate. Even the great king Charlemagne, the first to invite the Jews to Europe, could not sign his own name.

Charlemagne extended his invitation to the Jews with the offer of land, equal rights, and imperial protection. A small group of Jews left Babylonia and settled in the German Rhineland, mostly in the cities of Worms, Speyers, and Mainz. But because the Church converted the native pagans, Christianity became a religion full of superstition and brutality. This, in part, gave rise to the Crusades and the pogroms of the Black Death. Its mind-boggling that Ashkenazic Jewry survived those early centuries, but not only did it survive, it grew.

So, while the Sephardim viewed their Moslem neighbors as equals, the Ashkenazim looked at their illiterate Christian neighbors with disdain. They led an insular existence, and their sole intellectual pursuits were Torah and Talmud. And this is what accounts for the different traditions and characteristics of Sephardim and Ashkenazim.

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The Origins of Sephardim and Ashkenazim - Jewish History

Youths Come to Learn in Israel; Next Stage Aliyah? – Inside Israel …

Posted By on September 5, 2015

Arutz Sheva met with Yeshayahu Yechieli, the director of the NAALE Elite-Academy program, as he greeted new participants.

The NAALE program, which was established in 1992 as a joint initiative of the Prime Ministers Office and the Ministry of Education, invites Jewish high school students from around the world to study and to finish high school in Israel. The program is fully subsidized by the Israeli Ministry of Education.

NAALE is a program for studying, first of all, and when the program concludes after three or four years, [the students] can decide whether to stay here and become new olim, Yechieli told Arutz Sheva.

Around 90% of the students who finish the program choose to remain in Israel afterwards, he added, noting that sometimes the program encourages family members of the participants to make aliyah as well.

However, said Yechieli, Its not enough that Israel is attractive. Something has to push them out of their home countries, he added, citing as an example France, where there is growing interest for NAALE.

Those families decided, at the moment, not to make aliyah for different circumstances, but rather to send a boy or a girl from the family to Israel in advance, and I believe that if the children succeed here, their parents will follow, said Yechieli.

On the scene at the airport was also Dr. Benny Fisher, head of the Ministry of Education's Rural Education and Youth Aliyah division, who told the new participants of the NAALE program:

We welcome you with open arms. You made a brave Zionist choice in your decision to come and study in Israel. The educational staff at the schools and boarding schools will do everything to provide you with warm support during your stay in Israel. You will undergo an extraordinary experience of high-class learning alongside social programs and an Israeli atmosphere. This is a period that you are sure to remember for the better for years to come.

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Youths Come to Learn in Israel; Next Stage Aliyah? - Inside Israel ...

What is the difference between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews? | Yahoo …

Posted By on September 4, 2015

Ashkenazi Jews come from European (Christian) countries, whereas Sephardic Jews lived in the Iberian Peninsula, African and Middle Eastern (Moslem) countries.

Throughout the centuries of exile the Ashkenazim and Sephardim developed distinct cultures, different prayer-books (the essentials are the same, but there are many different nuances), and many different customs. The Ashkenazim origins were from the Khazar (Chazar) Empire that extended south of present day Moscow to the northern shores of the Black Sea. By the eighth century A.D. this Kingdom on the steppes of Russia was the largest in Europe, covering an area nearly one million square miles. Chargan (King) Bhilan, in 740 A.D. adopted Judaism as a religion of the people by a decree. Rabbis were employed to teach the result was "Yiddish". In 969 A.D. Scandinavian founders of Russia conquered the Khazars. Ashkenazim-Kazar Jews began a migration accross Northern Europe and these people compose nearly all the Jews that immigrated to the United States when the Pale was nearly depleted of Jews in the nineteenth century. The Sephardic name comes from the location listed as the dwelling place of the decendents of Shem. (Gen. 10:30: And thier dwelling east from Mesha, as you go unto SEPHAR a mount of the East.) These are the Jews who were given the Secptre promise but the promise of National Greatness went not to the Jews but first to Joseph and then to his two sons Ephriam and Manassah. The Jews were a part of Israel but the other Ten Tribes have been ignored by the world including the Jews. Many that are called Gentile today are of the other tribes.

the sephardic jews Contrary to popular believe True Sephardim are not only Mediterranean and not all Jews in the Middle East Africa etc. are Sefardic. True Sephardim are Jewish people that their ancestry came from the Iberian Peninsula or Spanish territories and kept Judeo-Spagnol otherwise known as Ladino as their language and this language was and still is used in liturgy as in all the cultural facets. Most of the religious books were published in Ladino written in Raschi characters. In the Ottoman Empire Kemmal Attaturk (A Dohnme) reformed the Empire and passed a law so all printing of any language within Turkey started to be in Latin characters. Among the Sephardic communities there were also Romanoid Jews, Karaites, Asckenazim and Oriental Jews with their distinctive Synagogues and usages.

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What is the difference between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews? | Yahoo ...

Sephardi | people | Britannica.com

Posted By on September 4, 2015

Alternative titles: Sefardi; Sefardic Judaism; Sefardim; Sephardic Judaism; Sephardim

Sephardi,also spelled Sefardi, plural Sephardim or Sefardim, from Hebrew Sefarad (Spain), member or descendant of the Jews who lived in Spain and Portugal from at least the later centuries of the Roman Empire until their persecution and mass expulsion from those countries in the last decades of the 15th century.

The Sephardim initially fled to North Africa and other parts of the Ottoman Empire, and many of these eventually settled in such countries as France, Holland, England, Italy, and the Balkans. Salonika (Thessalonki) in Macedonia and the city of Amsterdam became major sites of Sephardic settlement. The transplanted Sephardim largely retained their native Judeo-Spanish language (Ladino), literature, and customs. They became noted for their cultural and intellectual achievements within the Mediterranean and northern European Jewish communities. The Sephardim differ notably from the Ashkenazim (German-rite Jews) in preserving Babylonian rather than Palestinian Jewish ritual traditions. Of the estimated 1.5 million Sephardic Jews worldwide in the early 21st century (far fewer than the Ashkenazim), many now reside in the state of Israel. The chief rabbinate of Israel has both a Sephardic and an Ashkenazi chief rabbi.

Though the term Oriental Jews is perhaps more properly applied to Jews of North Africa and the Middle East who had no ties with either Spain or Germany and who speak Arabic, Persian, or a variant of ancient Aramaic, the designation Sephardim frequently signifies all North African Jews and others who, under the influence of the Spanish Jews, have adopted the Sephardic rite.

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Sephardi | people | Britannica.com


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